Electrically operated indicating apparatus



Oct. 25, 1932- J. w. ANDERSON 1,885,054

ELECTRICALLY OPERATED INDICATING APPARATUS Oct. 25, 1932. J. w. ANDERSON1,885,054

ELECTRICALLY OPERATED INDICATING APPARATUS Filed Nov. 5. 1927 '7Sheets-Sheet 2 Oct. 25, 1932. J. w. ANDERSON ELECTRICALLY OPERATEDINDICATING APPARATUS Filed Nov. 5. 1927 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 Oct. 25, 1932.J, w, ANDERSON 1,885,054

ELECTRICALLY OPERATED INDICATING APPARATUS Filed NOV. 5. 1927 '7Sheets-Sheet 4 Oct. 25, 1932. J. w. ANDERSON ELECTRICALLY OPERATEDINDICATING APPARATUS Filed Nov. 5. 1927 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 Oct. 25, 1932.J. w. ANDERSON ELECTRICALLY OPERATED INDICATING APPARATUS Filed Nov. 5.1927 '7 Sheets-Sheet 6 .3@7 320 was? f 25 2749124. K 5v3f6 30a wf/MoyOct. 25, 1932. J. w. ANDERSON ELECTRICALLY OPERATED INDICATING APPARATUSFiled Nov. 5. 1927 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 Patented Oct. 25, 1932 UNITED STATESJOHN W. ANDERSON, F GARY, INDIANA ELECTRICALLY OPERATED INDICATINGAPPARATUS Application led November 5, 1927. Serial No. 231,302.

My invention relates to electrically oper-` V electrical conductors,coils, resistors, ete.

Another particular object of the invention is to provide electricallyoperated apparatus, which functions substantially independently of thevoltage impressed thereon, for meas- "9 uring electrical resistance.

Still another particular object of the invention is to provide animproved method of measuring the electrical resistance of an object.

Many other objects and advantages of the construction herein shown anddescribed will be obvious to those skilled in the art from thedisclosure herein given.

To th1s end my invention consists 1n the fr novel construction,arrangement and combination of parts herein shown and described, andmore particularly pointed out in the claims.

In the drawings, wherein like reference characters indicate like orcorresponding parts:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of apparatus which embodies the invention;

Fig. 2 is a seeeon taken through a structure which forms part of theapparatus shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a section taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a section taken on line 4-4 of Fis. 3;

Fig. 5 is a section taken on line 5-5 of- Fig. 3;

Fig. 6 a front elevation of another instrument which forms part of theimproved 1 apparatus shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 7 is a section taken on line 7-7 of Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 is a section taken on line 8-8 of Fig. 7;

' Fig. 9 is a section taken on line 9-9 of 55 Fig.

Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a device Which forms part of theembodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 1;

Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic view of apo0 paratus which embodies anotherform of the invention;

Fig. 12 is a section taken through an instrument which forms part of theapparatus shown in Fig. 11;

Fig. 13 is a section taken on line 13-13 of Fig. 12;

Fig. 14 is a section taken on line 14--14 of Fig. 13;

Fig. 15 is a section taken on line 15-15 70 of Fig. 14;

Fig. 16 is a diagrammatic View of appara- Ens embodying another form ofthe invenion;

Fig. 17 is a section taken through an instrument Which forms part of theimproved apparatus shown in Fig. 16;

Fig. 18 is a section taken on line 18-18 of Fig. 17;

Fig. 19 is a section taken on line 19-19 of Fig. 18;

Fig. 2() is a front elevation of another instrument which forms part ofthe improved apparatus shown in Fig. 16; l

Fig. 21 is 1a section taken on line 21-21 of Fig. l

Fig. 22 is a section taken on line 22-22 of Fig. 21;

Fig. 23 is a diagrammatic view of apparatus which embodies still anotherform of the invention;

Fig. 24 is a section taken through apparatus which forms part of theimproved apparatus shown in Fig. 23;

Fig. 25 is a section taken on line 25-25 of Fig. 24;

Fig. 26 is a front elevation of another instrument which forms part ofthe improved apparatus shown in Fig. 23;

Fig. 27 is a section taken on line 27-27 of Flg. 26;

Fig. 28 is a section taken on line 28-28 of Fig. 27; and y Fig. 29 is asection taken on line 29--29 of "Ivreav n the illustrated embodiments ofthe invention, apparatus is shown and described which comprises meansfor roducing pulsations of electrical energy a apted to control theoperation of indicating instruments. Apparatus of this character isshown in the copending applications of Theodore J. Smulski, Serial Nos.133,426, 147,076, 156,054, 169,114 and 169,115, filed September 3, 1926,November 8, 1926, December 20, 1926, February 17, 1927, and February 17,1927 respectively, and it is to be understood that no claim is made tothe subject matter of these copending applications. The appended claimsdistinguish betwen the inventions disclosed in the aforementionedcopending applications and my invention.

Referring for the present to Figs. 1 to 10, inclusive, and moreparticularly to Figs. 1 to 5, inclusive, I have shown an-instrumentwhich is designated generally b the reference character 12 and ishereina r referred to as the primary instrument. The primary instrument12 preferably com rises a base plate 14, or the equivalent, w ich isreferably formed from electrical insulation. Iigidly secured to the baseplate 14 is a bracket 16 having lugs 17 in wh1ch a shaft or pin 18 isjournaled. Mounted upon the pin 18 is a block 19 preferably formed fromelectrical insulation. A bi-metallic thermostat 21 has one of its endsrigidly secured to the block 19 and has the other of its ends providedwith a contact point 22 which normally engages a contact point 23, thecontact point 23 being screw-threaded through a substantially U- shapedbracket 24 which is rigidly secured to the base plate 14. Obviously, thecontact point 23 may be brought into a plurality of adjusted positionsto take up wear upon 1t or the Contact 22. Another advantage of thisconstruction will presently appear. Wound around the thermostat 21 is anelectrical resistance 26 which is electrically insulated from thethermostat throughout the greater portion of its length but has one ofits ends electrically connected to the free end of the thermostat. Theother end of the winding or electrical resista-nce 26-is preferablyconnected to a binding post 27 mounted in the base plate 14.

In that form of the invention illustrated in Figs. 1 to 10, inclusive, Ipreferably employ a bi-metallic thermostat 30 which cooperates with thethermostat 21 to prevent my imroved apparatus from becoming inaccuratecause of changes in the temperature of the ambient air. The thermostat30 is preferably substantially identical with the thermostat 21 and ispreferably provided with an insulating sleeve 31 which corresponds to aninsulating sleeve 32 provided upon the thermostat 21 to insulate thewindin or resistance 26 therefrom. The provision o the sleeve 31 uponthe thermostat 30 insures that this thermostat will be affected by thetemperature of the ambient air to the same extent as the thermostat 21.As shown, one end of the thermostat 30 is rigidly secured to the block19 and the other end thereof engages a set screw 34 which isscrew-threaded into the U-shaped bracket 24. The free end of thethermostat 30 is held in engagement with the set screw 34 by acompression spring 35 which is held in position by a set screw 37screw-threaded into the bracket 24.

The thermostats 21 and 30 are so const-ructed that when they aresubjected to an increase in temperature, the free end thereof tends tomove to the right (Fig. 3), the arrangement being such that if thethermostat- 21 is heated by current flowing through the resistance orwinding 26, the contact 22 will be disengaged from the contact 23.However, if the temperature of the ambient air rises to such an extentthat the thermostat 21 flexes and tends to disengage the contact 22 fromthe contact 23, the thermostat 30 will res ond simultaneousl to the sameextent an will angularly dlsplace or rotate the block 19 in a counterclockwise direction (Fig. 3) around its pivotal axis so that the contact22 will remain in engagement with the contact 23. Of course, if thethermostat 21 is then subjected to the heat produced by a currentflowing through the winding or resistance 26, the thermostat 21 willflex or tend to displace the contact 22 from the contact 23 as thethermostat 30 is not subjected to the heat of the current.

In Figs. 6 to 9, inclusive, I have illustrated the details ofconstruction of a secondary instrument which I employ in that embodimentof the invention illustrated in Figs. 1 to 13, inclusive. The instrumentshown in Figs. 6 to 9, inclusive, is designated generally by thereference character 40 and preferably comprises a housing 41 having aback wall 42 and a dial plate 43. Pivoted in blocks 44 and 45 which arerigidly secured to the back wall 42 and the dial plate 43, respectively,is a shaft or pin 46 which carries a'block 47 preferably formed fromelectrical insulation. Secured to the block 47 are two thermostats 50and 51 which may be of any suitable construction but which, in thisinstance, are substantially flat bi-metallic bars, one end of each barbeing secured to the block 47. The free end of the thermostat engages aU- shaped bracket member 52 which is constrained to rotate with pins 53and 54, the pins 53 and 54 being journaled in the dial plate 43 and abracket 56, respectively. A spiral spring 57 has one of its ends securedto the pin 54 and has the other of its ends scthe bracket member 52 insuch manner that cured to a pin 59 which projects from the bracket 56,the construction being such that the spring 57 tends to rotate thebracket member 52 in a clockwise direction (Fig. 8) to hold it inengagement with the free end of the thermostat 50. A pointer or hand 6()secured to the bracket member 52 by the pin 53 is adapted to traverse ascale 62 printed or otherwise marked upon the dial plate 43. Disposedaround the thermostat and insulated therefrom is a winding or resistance64 which has one of its ends connected to a binding post 65 and has theother of its ends connected to a binding post 66, the binding posts 65and66 being preferably mounted upon the housing 41.

It will be noted that a compression spring 69 yieldingly holds the freeend of the thermostat 51 in engagement withA a set screw 70 which isscrew-threaded in a U-shaped brack` et 72 rigidly secured to the backwall 42, the construction being such that the set screw may bemanipulated to displace the thermostats. 50 and 51 and the pointer orhand 6() with respect to the scale 62. This construction permits theinstrument to be adjusted quickly and easily. The thermostat 52 ispreferably provided with an insulating sleeve 74 which is substantiallyidentical in construction with an insulating sleeve 75 provided toelectrically insulate the resistance or winding 64 from thethermostat50. The thermostats 50 and 51 are so constructed that the free endsthereof tend to move to the right (Fig. 8) when the thermostats aresubjected to an increase in temperature. If both thermostats aresubjected to the same increase in temperature, the thermostat 50 willfiex or tend to displace the bracket member 52 in such manner that thepointer or hand 60 will be angularly displaced in a clockwise direction(Fig. 6) around the pivotal axes of the pins 53 and 54 and againstthe-action of the spring. `But as the thermostat 51 flexes or bends tothe same extent, it will rotate the block 47 around the axis of rotationof the shaft 46through an angle which will cause the free end of thethermostat 50 to remain in the position where it was before thethermostats 50 and 51 were subjected to the rising temperatu However, ifthe thermostat 5() 'is then 'subje ted to the heat of an electricalcurrent flowing through the winding 64, it will continue to flex or bendand will displace 'conductor 82 to one terminal of a switch 83 which hasits other terminal connected by a conductor to conductors 86 and 87. Theconductor 87 connects conductor 85 with the aforementioned binding post65 of the secondary instrument 40 and the conductor 86 connects theconductor 85 with a metallic U- shaped clip 88 mounted upon aninsulating base 89 which also carries a U-shaped metallic clip 90substantially identical in construction with the metallic clip 89.

The binding post 28 of the primary ,instrument 12 is connected by aconductor 91 to conductors 92 and 93. The conductor 92 connects theconductor 91 with one terminal of an electrical resistance element 94which has its other terminal connected by a conductor 95 to the bindingpost 66 of the secondary instrument 40. .The conductor 93 connects theconductor 91 with the clip 90.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 10, the metallic clips 87 and 89 are soconstructed that a device which is to be tested may be mounted therein.Thus, I have shown a resistance element '97 which is enclosed in a tube98 which is formed of any suitable electrical insulation. Metallic caps10() mounted upon the ends of the tubular member 98 are soldered orotherwise electrically connected to the resistance element 97 and eachof the ca s100 is preferably provided with a metallic ug or blade 101adapted to be inserted in one of the clips 88 or 99 to electricallyconnect the resistance element 97 with the conductorsv 86 and 93. It isto be understood, of course, that the resistance element 97 does notform part of my improved apparatus but simply illustrates the use towhich the invention maybe put. Thus, resistance-elements ofldiflerentconstructions, coils or other electrical units* which must be tested,may be electrically connected to theconductors 86 and 93 through themedium of the clips V88 and 90,` or the equivalents for the purpose.

Toprevent sparking between the contact points 22 and 23, I preferablyshunt a relaltively high resistance 25 across the instrument 12.However, any other suitable construction may be employed in place of theresistance 25 to prevent or reduce sparking between the contact points22 and 23. ,s

The operation of the above described apparatus is substantially asfollows: Assuming that the contact 22 engages the contact 23 and thatthe switch 83 has been closed, it is readily understood that if theapparatus is to be cm- 7 ployed to test the resistance of an electricalunit such as the resistance element 97, the electrical resistance orresistance element 97 may be inserted in the clips 88 and 90, or theequivalents for the purpose, so that an electricalfcrrent will fiow asfollows: from the battery 81 through the conductor 82` the switch 83.andthrough the conductor 85 to divide and fiow through the conductors 86and 87. That branch of the current which flows 7" through the conductor86 passes through the clip 88, the resistance element 97 and thencethrough the conductor 93 to the conductor 91. The other part of thedivided current lo'ws 5 through the conductor 87, the binding post 65,

-. ductors 92 and 93 flows through the conductor 91, the binding post28, the contact 23, the contact 22, a portlon of the thermostat 21, the

winding 26, the binding post l27 and through' the conductor 8() back tothe battery 81. The

thermostat- 21 is heated by the current flowing through the Winding 26and ilexes or bends to disengage `the contact 22 from the contact 23 sothat the circuit is opened and no current flows therethrough. However,while current en .iS flowing through the winding 26, the thermowisedirection (Fig. 6).

stat 50 is heated by the current flowing through the windin 64 and itflexes or bends to displace the han or pointer in a clock- When thecontact 22 is disengaged from the contact 23 and the circuit is opened,the thermostats 21 and 50 cool so that the contact 22 again engages thecontact 23 and the hand or pointer 60 rotates through a relatively smallangle in a counter clockwise direction (Fig. 6), However, as soon as thecontact 22 again engages the contact 23,the circuit is closed and thethermostats 21 and 50 are again heated by the -electrical current flowinthrough the windings 26 and 64, respective y. This cycle of operationsis continually repeated until, the

switch 83 is opened and the heat to which the thermostat 50l issubjected during the operation of the apparatus causes the thermostat 50to bring `the hand or pointer 60 into'a position wherein itf indicatesin ohms, or the equivalent, upon the scale 62, the resistance of thedevice being tested. The position assumed by the pointer 60 isindependent of any variation in the voltage impressed upon the circuitby the storage battery 81, or its equivalent, as variations in thevoltage are compensated by corres onding variations in the duration ofindivi ual pulsationsof current in the circuit, each pulsation ofcurrent being capable of performing an amount of work determined'by theposition of th contact 23. Of course, as long as the cont ct re mains inone position with respect to the axis of rotation of the block* 19, eachof the several pulsations of current is capable of performing the sameamount of work.' If the voltage drops, the current flows for a longertime during each pulsation-and if the voltage increases, the currentflows for a shorter period of time during each pulsation. Sullicientcurrent must flow during each pulsation to heat the thermostat 21 tosuch an extent that the contact 22 will be disengaged from the contact23. The average flow of current throu h the circuit will remain constanteven thoug the voltage varies. The amount of current which flows throughthe winding 64 is less than that whichflows through the winding 26 butthe thermostat 50 is so constructed that its free end is displacedthrough a relatively large distance by the current which flows throughthe winding 64.

Now if it is assumed that the resist-ance element 97 is replaced by onewhich is of similar construction but which has a different electricalresistance, a different proportion or part of the current will flow`through the winding 64 and the pointer 60 will be brought into adifferent position. Of course, known resistances may be placed in thecircuit between the conductors 86 and 93 and the scale 62 maybecalibrated to indicate the positions of the pointer-60 for any givenresistance. Itis well to note that if the voltage impressed upon thecurrent remains constant and the resistance element 97 is rev placed byone having a different value of electrical resistance, the currentflowing through the winding 26 will be of a different value than thecurrent which flowed through From the foregoing description of theoperation of the above described apparatus, it is readily understoodthat if the scale 62 has been properly calibrated, the improved api j.

paratus may be employed to measure the resistance of electrical unitssuch as electrical conductors, coils, resistors', etc. In someinstances, it niay be, desirable to omit-the re sistance 94 from thecircuit and for this reason, it should be understood that I am limitedto its use only to the extent indicated in the appended claims.

It is, ofcourse, understood that a relatively small electrical currentwill flow through the resistance element 25 whenever the switch 83 isclosed and that this current i will be of maximum value when the contact22 is disengaged fromthe contact point23, However, the electricalcurrent which flows through the circuit because of the insertion of theresistance 25 between the binding posts 27 and 28- is negligible as faras its effect upon the instrument 40 is concerned. While l this currentwill vary in strength in accordance with variations in the voltageimpressed.'

upon the circuit, such fluctuation in -the strength of the current willnot afe the instrument 40.to such an extent that t e readings thereofwill be rendered inaccurate. It

should be also noted that this current is automatically taken intoconsideration when the apparatus is calibrated. In the preferredembodiment of the invention, the resistance is of such a high value thatthe hand or pointer does not indicate whether or not the resistance 25is in the circuit. Thus, if the resistance 25 is in the circuit and thehand or pointer assumes a certain position with respect to the scale 62and the resistance 25 is then removed, the hand or pointer does not moverelative tothe scale.

The amount of work each pulsation of current flowing through the circuitis capable of performing is determined by the position of the contactpoint 23. 1f, at any time, it is desired to increase the strength ofthese pulsations, it is only necessary to displace the contact point 23toward the contact point 22 so that the, thermostat 21 must be raised toahigher temperature to have it disengage the contact point 23 from thecontact point 22. A like yresult may be obtained hy manipulating thescrew 34 to displace the contact point 22 in a direction toward thecontact 23. Of course, if the contacts are engaging each other and anattempt is made to displace either one toward the other, the result isthat the thermostat 21 is tensioned and a larger amount of the heat isrequired bodying another form of the invention, the

reference characters 105 and 40a designate primary and secondaryinstruments, respectively. which resemble the primary and seconda ryinstruments 12 and 40 shown in Fig. 1. The primary instrument 105differs somewhat from the primary instrument 12 but thc secondaryinstrument 40al is substantially identical in construction with theaforementioned secondary instrument 40 and the parts thereof areidentified by the same reference numerals. However, in the ease of thesecondary instrument 40a, each reference numeral has the letter a addedto it.

As shownin Figs. 11 to 15. inclusive. the primary instrument 105preferably comprises a suitable base plate 106 which is preferablyformed of electrical insulation and rigidly secured to the plate 106 area plurality ot bracket members 107. 108 and 10S). Preferably formedintegral with the bracket member 107 are. lugs 110 which journal a pinor shaft 1 1 upon which a block 113 is mounted, the block 113 beingpreferably formed from electrical insulation. A thermostat 115 has oneof its ends rigidly secured to the block 113 erably formed fromelectrical insulation and is mounted upon a pin or shaft 121 which isjournaled in lugs v123 formed integral With the bracket 109. Woundaround the thermostat 115 is a Winding or electrical resistance 125which has one of its terminals connected to a binding post 127 mountedin the base plate 106. The Winding 125 is electrically insulated fromthe thermostat 115 throughout the greater portion of its length but hasone of its terminals soldered or otherwise electrically connected to thefree end of the thermostat.

Wound around the thermostat 118 is a winding or electrical resistance130 which has its terminals connected to binding posts 132 and 133mounted in the base plate 106. The winding or electrical resistance 130is electrically insulated from the thermostat 118 by a sleeve 135 ofelectrical insulation. Electrically connected to the thermostat is aconductor 137 which is connected to a binding post 138 mounted in thebase plate 106.

Thermostat 140 has one of its ends rigidly secured to the block 113 andits other end is held in engagement with a set screw 142 by a.compression spring 143, the set screw 142 being screw-threaded in thebracket 109. A sleeve 144 disposed around the thermostat 140 ispreferably identical in construction with a sleeve 145 whichelectrically insulates most of the winding 125 from the thermostat 115.The thermostats 115 and 140 are preferably substantially identical inconstruction so that they Will bend or flex equally When they are heatedto any given temperature. This prevents the contact 116 from beingdisplaced relative to the contact 117 when the thermostats 115 and 140are both subjected to the same degree of heat. However, the instrumentmay be adjusted by manipulating the set screw 142.

Rigidly secured to the block 120 is one end of a thermostat 150 whichhas its other end interposed between a set screw 152 and a compressionspring 153, the set screw 152 being screw-threaded in the bracket 109and the compression spring 153 being arranged to hold the free end ofthe thermostat 150 in engagement with the set screw 152. The thermostat150 is preferably substantially identical in construction with thethermostat 118 so that it will bend or flex to the same degree when bothof the thermostats are heated to the same temperature. This preventsdisplacement of the contact point 117 relative to the contact point 116because of changes in the temperature of. the ambient air. The set screw152 may also be manipulated to adjust the instrument 105.

At 88a and 90a in Fig. 11, l have shown metallic clips which aresubstantially identical with the aforementioned metallic clips 88 and90, respectively, the metallic clips 88a and 90a being mounted upon asuitable inj flow into the conductors 166 and 167.

sulating base 89a. Removably positioned in the clips 88a and 90a is anarticle to be tested which comprises a resistance element 97a, theresistance element 97a being electrically connected to the clips 88a and90a.

Referring now to Fig. 11, it will be noted hat the binding post 127 isconnected by a conductor 160 to a suitable source of electrical energysuch as a storage battery 161 which has its other terminal connected bya conductor 163 to one terminal of a switch 164, the other terminal ofthe switch 164 being connected by a conductor 165 to two conductors 166and 167. The conductor 167 is connected to the clip 88a and theconductor 166 connects the conductor 165 to the binding post a. The clip90a is connected by a conductor 169 to a 'conductor 170 which isconnected to the binding post 130e. The binding post 66 is connectedthrough a resistance 172 to a conductor 173 which is connected to theconductor 170. It will b e noted that the winding 130 is shunted acrossthe resistance 17 2. Thus, the binding post 132 is connected by aconductor 174 to one terminal of the resistance and the binding post 133is connected by a conductor 17 5 to the binding post 66a.

The operation of the apparatus shown in Figs. 11 to 15, inclusive, issubstantially as fol ows Assuming that the contact point 117 is engagedby the contact point 116 and that the switch 164 is closed an electricalcurrent will flow as follows: lrzrom the battery 161 through theconduct-or 163, the switch 164, and through the conductor 165 to divideand The current which lows through the conductor 167 also flows throu hthe clip 88a, the resistance element 97a, t e clip 90a and through theconductor 169 to the conductor 17 0. The current which flows through theconductor 166 also flows through the binding post 65a, the winding 64a,and throu h the binding post 66 to divide and `flow t rough theresistance 172 and the conductor 175. The current which flows throughthe resistance 172 is delivered to the conductor 173 and the currentwhich flows through the conductorw 175 is lead through the binding post133 and the winding 130 and thence through the binding post 132 and theconductor 174 to the conductor 173 which, of course, delivers all of thecurrent flowing in it to the conductor 170. The current flowing throughthe conductor -170 also flows through t e binding post 138, thethermostat 118, the contact point 117, the contact point 116, a portionof the thermostat 115, the winding and thence through the binding post127 and the conductor 160 back to the battery 161. The thermostat 118 isconstructed so that`when it is subjected to an increase in temperature,it bends and moves the contact point 117 toward the free end of thethermostat 115 and the thermostat 115 is so constructed that when it issubjected to an increase in tern erature, it bends and moves the contactpoint 116 away from the free end of the thermostat 118. The thermostat118 and the winding are so proportioned that when the apparatus is inoperation, the free end of the thermostat is displaced through adistance which is smaller than the distance throu h which the contactpoint 116 is displacec However, it is readily understood that theposition assumed by the contact point 117 when the apparatus is inoperation is determined by the amount of current which flows through thewinding 130. The distance through which the contact 117 is displaced isdetermined primarily by the current flowing through the winding 130. Itis readily understood that when the circuit shown in Fig. 11 is closedand the current flows therethrough, the current flowing through thewindings 130 and 125 causes the thermostats to flex or bend until thethermostat succeeds in disengaging the contact 117 from the contact 116.Any suitable means or any suitable method may be employed to hold thecontact point-s 116 and 117 in engagement during the initial flow ofcurrent therethrou h so that the thermostat 115 will not imme iatelydisengage the contact point 116 from the contact point 117. Thus, theinstrument 105 may be constructed so that when all of the thermostats inthe instrument are of the same temperature as the ambient air, thethermostats 115 and 118 may be slightly tensioned to hold the contacts116 and 117 in engagement with each other. Then when the thermostat 115Ibends or flexes to withdraw the contact point 116 from engagement withthe contact point 117, the contact point 117 will follow the contactpoint 116 through a distance which is determined by the value of thecurrent flowing through the winding 130. When the contact 116 isdisengaged from the contact 117, the circuit is opened and thethermostats 115 and 118 immediately cool so that the contact point 117is again engaged by the contact 116. This cycle of operations iscontinually repeated untilV the switch 164 is opened. The heat to whichthe thermostat 50a is subjected during the operation of the apparatuscauses the thermostat 50a to bring the hand or pointer 60a into aposition wherein it indicates in ohms, or the equivalent, upon the scale62a, the resistance of the device being tested. It will be readilyunderstood from the description of the apparatus shown in Figs. 1 to 10,inclusive, that the position assumed by the pointer 60ais independent ofvariations in the voltage impressed upon the circuit shown in Fig. 11and that the apparatus shown in Fig. 11 functions to a large extent inthe same manner as the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. The contact point 117of Fig. 11 corresponds to the Contact point 23 of Fig. 1 but instead ofbeing stationary like the contact 23, it moves into positions which aredetermined by the value of the currentJ flowing through the winding orresistance 130 and this, of course, determines the total amount ofenergy that flows through the circuit each time the contact point 117 isengaged by the contact point 11G, it being understood that the fartherthe contact point 117 is displaced from/ its normal position, the moreenergy is required to flex or bend the thermostat 115 into a posi-tionwherein its contact is disengaged from the contact 117.

Of course, various known resistance may be connected into the circuitbetween the clips 88a and 90a and the positions assumed by the pointer60a when these known resistances are in the circuit may be indicatedupon the scale 62a. Then when unknown resistances are introduced intothe circuit, the pointer 60a Will correctly indicate the electricalresistance thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention, I may dispense with the resistance172 and conncct the conductors 174 and 175 to the binding posts 66e/ and65a, respectively, and in other embodiments of the invention, I mayretain the resistance 172 but connect the conductor 175 to the bindingpost 65a instead of to the binding post 66a.

Referring now to Figs. 16 to 22, inclusive, wherein l have shownapparatus embodying another forni of the invention, the referencecharacters 200 and 201 designate instruments which are hereinafterreferred to as the primary and secondary instruments, respectively. Asbest shown in Figs. 17, 18 and 19, the primary instrument 200 preferablycomprises a permanent magnet 203, or the equivalent, between the polesof which is arranged a winding or coil 205 carried upon a. frame 206which is made of any suitable material such as aluminum, or the like.The frame 206 is pivoted by pins 210 and 211 upon a block 212 which ispreferably formed from iron and which is preferably rigidly secured to abar 213 secured to the magnet 203. The bar 213 extends between the polesof the magnet and for this reason, is preferably constructed from somenon-magnetic material. The pin 211 is preferably rigidly secured to theframe 206 so that it is constrained to rotate therewith and secured tothe pin 211 is a lever 215 if which carries a contact point 216engageable with a contact point 217, the Contact point 217 beingserew-threadcd through an L- shaped bracket 218 which is rigidly securedand electrically insulated from a base plate 219 which supports theparts of the instrument 200. pair of spiral springs 220 yieldingly urgethe frame 20G, and therefore, the contact point 216, in a counterclockwise direction (Fig. 8) so that the contact point 216 normallyengages the contact point 217. The

contact point 217 is preferably provided with a knurled head 223 wherebythe contact point may be rotated to bringit into a plurality of adjustedpositions. This permits the Contact point 217 to be employed to adjustthe instrument 200 and the apparatus whereof it forms a part. In thisand other respects, it has the same functions as the contact 23 ofFig. 1. It may be mentioned at this point in the description that anysuitable means may be provided to prevent sparking between the contacts216 and217.

As illustrated in Figs. 20 to 22, inclusive, the instrument 201preferably comprises a housing member 230 in which a permanent magnet232 is mounted. Interposed between the poles of the magnet is a windingor coil 233 which is carried by a frame 234 preferably formed from somesuitable material such as aluminum. The frame 234 is pivoted by pins 235and 236 to a block 237 preferably formed from iron, the block 237 beingrigidly secured to a bar 238 carried by the magnet 232. The bar 238 isformed from some nonmagnetic material. The pin 235 is constrained torotate with the frame 234 and its outer end projects through a slot 237formed in a dial plate 240 which is mounted in the housing 230. A handor pointer 242 rigidly secured to the pin 235 is adapted to traverse ascale 244 marked upon the dial plate 240.

As illustrated in Fig. 16. one terminal of the winding 205 iselectricallyconnected to the lever 215 and the other terminal of thewinding is connected by a conductor 246 to a storage battery 247.However, it will be understood that any-suitable source of electricalenergy may be used in place of the storage battery 237 if it is sodesired. The other terminal of the storage battery 237 is connected by aconductor 248 to one terminal of a switch 249 which has its otherterminal connected by a conductor 250 to conductors 251 and 252. Theconductor 251 connects the conductor 250 with one terminal of thewinding 201 Which has its other terminal connected to one terminal 0f aresistance element or winding 254 and the other terminal of theresistance element 254 is connected by a conductor 256 to a conductor257 which is connected to the contact member 216. The conductor 252 isconnected to a clip 38.7) mounted upon a base 897) which is preferablyformed from electrical insulation' and preferablyY carries a second clip90b. The clips 335 and 90?) are preferably substantially identical inconstruction with the aforementioned clips 88 and 90, respectively, andthey are adapted to hold an article 97?) which may be connected into thecircuit when the electrical resistance thereof is to be ascertained. Thearticle U7?) may comprise a resistai ce element of the kind shown at 97in Fig. 1 or it may comprise any other electrical unit such as a coil,fuse, con

ductor, etc., or the like. .The clip 90b is connected by a conductor 260to a conductor 257.

The operation of the apparatus illustrated in Figs. 16 to 22, inclusive,is substantially as follows: Assuming that the switch 249 l is in itsclosed position and that a device 976 has been connected into thecircuit by posiductor 252 will flow through the clip 88?),

the article 971), the clip 90b and thence through the conductor 260 tothe conductor 257. The current delivered to the conductor 257 by theconductors 256 and 260 will flow through the contact points 216, and217, the lever 215, the coil 205 and thence through the conductor 246back to the battery 247. Thus current will build up a magnetic fieldbetween the poles of the magnet 203, the construction of the instrument200 being such that when this reaction takes place, the coil 205 and thelever 215 will be angularly displaced in a clockwise direction aroundthe I pivotal axis of the coil 205 to disengage the contact 216 from thecont-act 217. However, as socn as the contact 216 is disengaged from thecontact 217, the field built up in the coil 205 dies and the springs 220return the coil 205 and the lever 215 into positions wherein the contactpoint 216 again engages the Contact point 217.l Obviously, this sequenceof operations will be continued as long as the switch 249 remains in itsclosed position. It will be readily understood that the apparatusfunctions substantially independently of variationsin they voltageimpressed upon the circuit. In other words, if the voltage is relativelyhigh, the lield in the coil 2 5 will quickly build up to sufficientstreng h to cause thecoil .to swing into a position wherein the contactpoint 216 isdisengaged from the contact point 217 and if the voltageimpressed upon the circuit decreases in value, it will take a longertime to build up a field of suflicient strength in the coil 205 to causeit to bring the contact point 216'out of engagement with the contactpoint 217. As the coil 233 is in series with the-coil 205, a magneticfield will be set up therein each time a magnetic field is set up in thecoil 205., In practice, the instrument 201 is preferably so designedthat the field set up therein will be of greater strength than the fieldset up in the instrument A200 and the coil 233 will be displaced througha relatively large angle. Of-course, displacement of the coil 233 isaccompanied by the like displacement of the hand or pointer 242 and itindicates upon the scale 244, the angle through which the coil 233 isdisplaced. In some instances, I may prefer to construct the instrument201 in such manner that the field set up therein is substantiallyidentical to the field set up in the instrument 200 but when thisconstruction is employed, the springs 222 are made somewhat strongerthan the springs 233a so that there will be a relatively largedisplacement of the coil 233 each time the coil 205 is dis laced tobring the contact point 216 out o engagement with the contact point 217.

The strength of the fields built up in the coils 205 and 233 aredetermined by the strength of the currents flowing therethrough and therate of change in these currents. Therefore, it is readily understoodthat when a constant electrical resistance is electrically connectedinto the circuit into the conductors 252 and 260 and the switch 249 isclosed, the hand or pointer 242 will indicate uponthe scale 244, thevvalue of said resistance. Of course, the hand or pointer 242 willvibrate to some extent but this does not prevent accurate readings frombeing taken and if it is so desired, means may be provided to dampen themovements of the pointer. A number of known resistances may beintroduced into the circuit to permit the scale 244 to be calibrated.After this has been done, the pointer 242 will indicate upon the scale,the resistance of any resistance element introduced in the circuitbetween the conductors 252 and 260.

In Figs. 23 to 29, inclusive, I have shown apparatus embodying stillanother form of the invention'. This apparatus preferably comprises aprimary instrument 300 and a secondary instrument 301. As best shown inFigs. 23, 24 and 25, the primary instrument 300 is preferably of the hotwire type and preferably comprises a resistance wire 304 which has oneof its ends secured to a metallic bracket 305 and has the other of itsends secured by a screw 306 to a block 307 which is preferably formed ofelectrical insulation. In this instance, the bracket 305 is secured tothe block 307 by a bolt or binding post 309 which also secures the block307 to a housing 310. The bracket 305 is pref; erably somewhat resilientand is preferably tensioned so that its` free end tends to move in aclockwise direction (Fig. 24) from the position wherein it is shown inFig. 24. A wedge-shaped block 312i enga es the upper surface of thebracket 305 an also engages van inclined surface 314 formed upon a block315 which is rigidlyjsecur'ed to the housing 310. A screw 316 journaledin the housing 310 is screw-threaded into the block 312 and may bemanipulated to displace the block. Obviously, if the block 312 isdisplaced to the left (Fig. the free end of the bracket member305 willbe lowered and if the block 312 is displaced to the right (Fig. 25) the'izo free end of the bracket member 305 will move upwardly. To permitsuch movement of the free end of the bracket 305, the screw 316 isloosely journaled in the housing member 310 so that the free end of thebracket 305 may raise the block 312 and hold it in engagement with thc.surface 314.

Attached to the wire 304 substantially midway intermediate its ends is ametallic link 320 which is connected by a silk thread 321, or theequivalent, to a leaf spring 323, the leaf spring 323 being secured atone of its ends to a block 324 which is preferably formed fromelectrical insulation. A contact point 327 secured to the other end ofthe leaf spring normally engages a contact point 329 secured to one endof a bolt or binding post 330 mounted in the housing 310. lt will benoted that the right hand end (Fig. 24) of the wire 304 is connected bya conductor 33 to the leaf spring 323.

The details of the instrument 301 are illustrated in Figs. 26 to 29,inclusive, and it will be noted that it preferably comprises a housingmember 335 carried by a base plate 336 which is preferably formed fromelectrical insulation. Secured to the base plate 336 by a bolt orbinding post 337. or the equivalent, is a metallic bracket member 338which is preferably somewhat resilient so that its left end (Fig. 23)tends to move upwardly from the position wherein it is shown in Fig. 28.A resistance wire 340 which is electrically connected to the bracketmember 338 has one of its ends secured to the bracket and has the otherof its ends secured to a binding post 341 mounted in the base plate 336.A sct screw 342 is screw-threaded into a base 344 which is mounted inthe base plate 336,

thc construction being such that the set screw 342 may be manipulated tobring the free end of thc bracket 338 into a plurality of adjustedpositions. Attached to the wire 340 intermediate its ends is a metalliclink 345 which is also attached to one end of a silk thread 346, or theequivalent, the other end of the silk thread 346 being secured to thefree end of an arcuate leaf spring 348 which has its other end securedby a'screw 349 to the base plate 336. Intermediate its ends the silkthread is wrapped around a sheave or pulley 350 which is journaled uponconical ends provided upon set screws 352 and 353, the set screws and353 being screwthreaded through bars and 355 which are supported by thebase plate 336. Secured to the pulleyor sheave is a hand or pointer 356adapted to traverse a scale 357 arranged upon a dial plate 358, the dialplate 358 being mounted in the housing 335.

Referring now to Fig. 23, it will be noted that the binding post 309 isconnected by a conductor 360 to one terminal 0f a suitable source ofelectrical energy such as a storage battery 361. ,1 conductor 363connects the other terminal of the battery 361 to one terminal of aswitch 365 which has its other terminal connected by a conductor 366 toconductors 367 and 368. The conductor 367 is connected to the bindingpost 341 of the instrument 301 and the binding post 337 of theinstrument 301 is connected to one terminal of a resistance 370 whichhas its other terminal connected by a conductor 371 to a conductor 372.The conductor 368 is connected to a clip 38C which is mounted upon abase 890 preferably formed from electrical insulation. Also mounted uponthe base plate 890 is a clip 900 which is substantially identical totheclip 880. 1n this embodiment of the invention, the clips 880 and 900 aresubstantially identical to the aforementioned clips 88 and 90 and havethe same functions. Thus, a device 97 c such as the device 97 shown inFig. 1 may be positioned in the clips 880 and 900 to connect it intothecircuit shown in Fig. 23. The device 97C may be a coil, a conductoror any other device of which the electrical resistance is to beascertained. A conductor 373 connects the clip 900 with the conductor372 which connects the conductors 371 and 373 with the contact point 329of the instrument 300.

The operation of the apparatus shown in Figs. 23 to 29, inclusive, issubstantially as follows: Assinning that a device 97o has beenpositioned in the clips 88C and 00C and that the switch has been closed.an electrical current will fiow as follows: From the battery 361,through the conductor 372, the switch 365, the conductor 366 and thenceinto the conductors 367 and 368. The current delivered to thc conductor367 will flow through the binding post 341, the wire 340, the bracketmember 338, the binding post 337, the resistance 370 and thence throughthe conductor 371 to the conductor 372. The current delivered to theconductor 368 will flow through clip 88o, the device 970, the clip 90eand thence through the conductor 373 to the conductor 372. The currentdelivered to the conductor 372 by the conductors 371 and 373 will iowthrough the Contact point 329, the contact point 327, the leaf spring323, the conductor 333, the wire 304, the bracket member 305, thebinding post 309 and thence through the conductor 360 back to thebattery 361. The current which flows through the wire 340 heats it andcauses it to expand whereupon the spring 323 is permitted to disengagethe contact 327 from the contact 329. This opens the circuit and thewire 340 cools so that the s ring 323 is drawn back into the position werein its contact point 327 is again engaged by the contact point 329.This sequence of operations is continued as long as the switch 365remains in its closed position. Each time the contact point 327 engagesthe contact point 329, a portion of the current fiowing through the wire304 also flows through the wire 340 so that it is heated and the silkthread 346 is displaced by the leaf spring 348 to rotate the pulley 350.0f course, rotation of the pulley 350 is accompanied by similar'displacement of the hand or pointer 356. The instrument 301 is preferablso designed that a relatively small current owing through the wire 34()will cause displacement of the hand or pointer 356 through a relativelylarge angle. In

` other words, the wire 340 elongates much more quickly and to a greaterextent than the wire 304. The amount of current flowing through the wire340 is, of course, determined by the resistance of the device 970. Thus,if the device 97 c is replaced by one having a greater electricalresistance, more current Will iow through the wire 340. The scale 357may be calibrated by placingr known resistances in the clips 880 and oand then indicating upon the scale the position assumed by the pointer.Then, if unknown resistances are placed in the clips 880 and 900, thepointer will indicate the values thereof. In the event that the contactpoints 327 and 329 become worn or if for any other reason, the pointer357 does not indicate accurately the resistances of devices inserted inthe clips 880 and 900, the screws 316 and 342 may be manipulated tobring the pointer into its correct position when a known resistance hasbeen placed in the clips. Obviously, the apparatus may be calibratedfrom time to time to take care of wear in the parts thereof.

Any suitable means may be provided for preventing sparking between thecontact points 327 and 329 and the screws 316 and 342 may be manipulatedto adjust and calibrate the apparatus.

Having thus described my invention, it is obvious that variousimmaterial modifications may be made in the same without departing fromthe spirit of my invention; hence I do not wish to be understood aslimiting myself to the exact form, construction, arrangement andcombination of parts herein shown and described, or uses mentioned.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. Apparatus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance, said apparatus comprising a source of currentvibratory means for opening and closing said circuit to cause pulsationsof electrical energy to flow therethrough and adapted to vary theduration of the pulsations upon the occurrence of variations of thevoltage of the current source, indicating means in series with saidvibratory means, said vibratory means and said indicating means beingactuated by said pulsations of electrical energy, and means forconnecting a resistance element to be measured in said circuit in serieswith said vibratory means and in parallel with said indicating means.

2. Apparatus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance,

said apparatus comprising vibratory means including a thermostat foropening and closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electricalenergy to flow therethrough, indicating means in series with saidvibratory means, said vibratory means and said indieating means beingactuated by said pulsations of electrical energy, and means forconnecting a resistance element to be measured in said circuit in serieswith said vibratory means and in parallel with said indicating means.

Apparatus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance, said apparatus comprising vibratory means foropening and closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electricalenergy to flow therethrough, indicating means in series with saidvibratory means and including a thermo-stat, said vibratory means andsaid indicating means being actuated by said pulsations of electricalenergy, and means for connecting a resistance element to byl` measuredin said circuit in series with said vibratory means and in parallel withsaid indicating means.

4. Ap aratus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance, said apparatus comprising vibratory meansincluding a thermostat for opening and closing said circuit to causepulsations of electrical energy to flow therethrough, indicating meansin series with said vibratory means and including a thermostat, saidvibratory means and said indicating means being actuated by saidpulsations of electrical energy, and means for connecting a resistanceeiement to be measured in said circuit in series with said vibratorymeans and in parallel with said indicating means.

5. Appartus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance, said apparatus comprising vibratory means foropening and closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electricalenergy to flow therethrough, means for controlling said vibratory meansto compensate for chan es in the temperature of the ambient air,indicating means in series with said vibratory means, said vibratorymeans and said indicating means being actuated by said pulsations ofelectrical energy, and means for connecting a resistance element to bemeasured in said circuit in series with said vibratory means and inparallel with said indicating means.

6. Apparatus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance, said apparatus comprising vibratory means foropening and closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electrical energto flow therethrough, indicating means in series with said vibratorymeans, means for controlling said indicating means to compensate forvariations in the temperature of the ambient air, said vibratory meansand said ilu,

Ill

indicating means being actuated by said pulsations of electrical energy,and means for connecting a resistance element to be measured in saidcircuit in series with said vibratory means and in parallel with saidindicating instrument.

T. A method of measuring the electrical resistance of an article whichcomprises arranging said article in an electrical circuit in parallelwith a measuring instrument, and subjecting them simultaneously to anelectrical currentv and maintaining the measuring eil'ect of the currentconstant when the voltage of the current source varies.

8. A method of measuring the electrical resistance of an article whichcomprises arranging said article in an electrical circuit in parallelwith a measuring instrument` and subjecting them to an interruptedunidirectional current, and varying the duration of the current impulsesupon variation of the voltage of the current source.

9. A method of measuring the electrical resistance of an article whichcomprises simultaneously subjecting said article and a measuringinstrument to pulsations of electrical energy, each ot which pulsationsis capable of performing an amount of work not affected by variations inthe voltage impressed upon the source of said pulsations.

10. Apparatus arranged to form an electrical circuit for measuringelectrical resistance, said apparatus comprising indicating meansresponsive to electrical current flowing in said circuit, means forconnecting into the circuit an article of which the electricalresistance is to be measured, and means for simultaneously subjectingsaid indicating means and said article to pulsations of electricalenergy, each of which pulsations is capable of performing an amount ofWork independent of variations in the voltage impressed upon thecircuit.

ll. In electrically operated signaling apparatus, the combination withindicating means including means responsive to pulsations of electricalenergy, of mechanism for subjecting said responsive means to pulsationsof electrical energy which are each capable of performing an amount ofwork independent of the E. M. F. producing said puisations, saidmechanism comprising a normally immovablrl contact point, a secondcontact point engageablc With the first-mentioned contact point, andmeans responsive to said pulsations of electrical energy for causingdisplacement of said second contact point relative to saidfirst-mentioned contact point.

l2. In electrically operated signaling apparatus, the combination withindicating means including means responsive to pulsations of electricalenergy, of mechanism for subjecting said responsive means to pulsationsof electrical energy which are each capable of performing an amount ofwork independent of the E. M. F. producing said pulsations, saidmechanism comprising a. normally immovable adjustable contact point, asecond contact point engageable with the first-mentioned contact point,and means responsive to said pulsations of electrical energy, forcausing displacement of said second contact point relative to saidfirstmentioned contact point.

13. In electrically operated signaling apparatus, the combination withindicating means including means responsive to pulsations of electricalenergy, of mechanism for subjecting said responsive means to pulsationsot electrical energy which are each capable of performing an amount ofwork independent of the E. M. F. producing said pulsations, saidmechanism comprising a movable contact point, means responsive to saidpulsations for displacing said contact point, a second movable cont-actpoint engageable with the first-mentioned contact point, and meansresponsive to said pulsations of electrical energy for displacing saidsecond contact point.

14. In electrically operated signaling apparatus, the combination Withindicating means including means responsive to pulsations ot' electricalenergy, oi mechanism for subjecting said responsive means to pulsationsof electrical energy which are each capable of performing an amount ofWork in dependent of the E. M. F. producing said pulsations, saidmechanism comprising a normally immovable contact point, a secondcontact point engageable With the first-mentioned contact point, meansresponsive to said pulsations of electrical energy for causingdisplacement of said contact point relative to said first-mentionedcontact point, and means for preventing sparking between said contactpoints.

l5. In an electrical system, an electrical circuit inciudiug a source ofcurrent, electrical circuit conductors and controlling apparatus, saidapparatus comprising lvibratory means including a thermostat for openingand closing said circuit to cause pulsations of clcctricai energy toiioyv therethrough, indicating means in said circuit disposed in serieswith said vibratory means, said vibratory means and said indicatiiwymeans being actuated by said pulsations or electrical energy andelectrical resistance means in said circuit in series With saidvibratory means and in parallel with said indicating means for varyingthe degree of response of said indicating means according to itsresistance value.

16. In an electrical system, an electrical circuit including a source ofcurrent, electrical circuit conductors and controlling apparatus, saidapparatus comprising vibratory means including a thermostat for openingand closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electrical energy toflow therethrough, electro-responsive means in said circuit disposed inseries with said -vibratory means, 'said vibratory means and saidelectro-respon sive means being actuated by said pulsations ofelectrical energy, and electrical resistance means in said circuit inseries with said vibratory means and in arallel with said elec-.tro-responsive means or varying the degree of response of saidelectro-responsive means according to its resistance value.

17. In an electrical system, an electrical circuit including a source ofcurrent, electrical circuit conductors and controlling apparatus, saidapparatus comprising vibratory means including a thermostat for openingand closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electrical energy tofiow therethrough, indicating means in said circuit disposed in serieswith said vibratory means, said vibratory means and said indicatingmeans being actuated by said pulsations of electrical energy andelectrical resistance means in said c1rcuit in series with saidvibratory means with said indicating means for ai ying the degree ofresponse of said indicating means according to its resistance value.

18. In an electrical system, an electrical circuit including asource ofcurrent, electrical circuit conductors and controlling apparatus, saidapparatus comprising vibratory means including a thermostat for openingand closing said circuit to cause pulsations of electrical energy to Howtherethrough, electro-responsive means in said circuit disposed inseries with said Vibratory means, said vibratory means and saidelectroresponsive means eing actuated by said 40 pulsations ofelectrical energy, and electrical resistance means in said circuit inseries with said vibratory means with said electro-resy insive means forvarying the degree of response of said electro-responsive means ac- 45cording to its resistance value.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto signed my name.

JOHN W. ANDERSON.

